REFORMATION


Thomas Müntzer:

Mystic and Apocalyptic Revolutionary?

Andrew Bradstock


United Reform Church, London Abstract

Thomas Müntzer stands out as one of the most colourful figures of the early Reformation period, not least on account of his vivid and passionate polemic -- much of it directed against his one-time hero Martin Luther -- and leading role in one of the uprisings of the so-called Peasants' Revolt of 1525. For some years he was too readily categorised as variously a 'forerunner of revolutionary class consciousness' or theologian cornered into preaching violent insurrection, though the complexity of his ideas was also widely acknowledged and explored in academic circles. It is this 'complexity' which provides the focus for this essay, particularly the interweaving of 'mystical', 'apocalyptic' and 'political/revolutionary' strands in his thinking and writings. By close linguistic analysis of his later writings, I argue, it is possible to see this interweaving in its clearest form; for, although these texts are unambiguously apocalyptic and revolutionary in tone, Müntzer's debt to the German mystical tradition in which he was steeped is never far beneath the surface -- indeed, it is possible to argue that mysticism informed his thinking throughtout his career, not least during his tumultuous final months. The textual analysis that forms the basis of this essay was undertaken with the aid of computer technology, and among the conclusions it invites are not only that the later 'revolutionary' Müntzer is at the same time also mystical and apocalyptic in his thinking, but also that neither of these strands could be said to predominate. To demonstrate this I take issue with Goertz's thesis that Müntzer's apocalyptic gave only a sharp edge to his revolutionary programme, and the mystical piety from which it emerged, without contributing any new content. I suggest that his apocalyptic reading of the situation building up around him was highly significant in shaping both his response to, and (ultimately unrealistic) expectations of, it.

______________________